Markdown

Markdown is a way to make fancy documnets. make sure you “knit” often – after every major change – to mitigate errors. Hashtags are how we make section levels of a doc.

Next level

Next level

Next level

Next level

Basic Formatting

This is bold. (that’s double asterisks) or italics. (that’s single asterisks) Or code.(that’s back quotes)

  1. this is a numbers list
  2. second item.

To add a hyper link, do [link text](url). For example, go here

To link to sections of your document, do [link text](#section-name), no spaces! hyphens. For example, go here.

To add more verticle space between blocks of text, use this:  

 

 

Should be more space now.

** To include an image ** first put an image inside the foulder where your Rmd file is located. Then type ![](full_image_filename_here){width="50%"}

RMarkdown

RMarkdown is just Markdown with R code woven in.

You can do R stuff in the same line as text. For example. 6 will show as 6 (it would look like backtick lower-case-r space the code then backtick)

You could also do a full-milti-line CHUNK of R stuff:

# ```{r}
3+3
## [1] 6
#```

Settings to controle how R chunks appear:

  • eval=TRUE: which actually runs the code; if FALSE, it shows the code but doesn’t run it.

  • echo=TRUE : which shows the code; if FALSE, the code can run without being seen.

  • warnings=FALSE: which will turn off warnings.

  • fig.cap = "figure capption" adds a figure caption.

  • fig.width = 7 example of figure width.

  • fig.height = 4 example of figure height.

# this will be shown but not run
3+3 
## [1] 8

Bringing in real data

getting data

To manualy set working directory while building up my Rmarkdown file, just gi to Session > set working directory > Source file location.

library(readr)
energy <- read_csv("../data/IRENA data.csv", skip=1) #ship=1 skips the first row that describes the data
## Rows: 67200 Columns: 6
## ── Column specification ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## Delimiter: ","
## chr (5): Country/area, Technology, Data Type, Grid connection, Electricity s...
## dbl (1): Year
## 
## ℹ Use `spec()` to retrieve the full column specification for this data.
## ℹ Specify the column types or set `show_col_types = FALSE` to quiet this message.

exploring data

library(dplyr)
## 
## Attaching package: 'dplyr'
## The following objects are masked from 'package:stats':
## 
##     filter, lag
## The following objects are masked from 'package:base':
## 
##     intersect, setdiff, setequal, union
energy %>% names 
## [1] "Country/area"           "Technology"             "Data Type"             
## [4] "Grid connection"        "Year"                   "Electricity statistics"
energy %>% head
## # A tibble: 6 × 6
##   `Country/area` Technology      `Data Type`             `Grid connection`  Year
##   <chr>          <chr>           <chr>                   <chr>             <dbl>
## 1 Afghanistan    Total renewable Electricity Generation… On-grid            2000
## 2 Afghanistan    Total renewable Electricity Generation… On-grid            2001
## 3 Afghanistan    Total renewable Electricity Generation… On-grid            2002
## 4 Afghanistan    Total renewable Electricity Generation… On-grid            2003
## 5 Afghanistan    Total renewable Electricity Generation… On-grid            2004
## 6 Afghanistan    Total renewable Electricity Generation… On-grid            2005
## # ℹ 1 more variable: `Electricity statistics` <chr>
energy %>% tail
## # A tibble: 6 × 6
##   `Country/area` Technology `Data Type`                  `Grid connection`  Year
##   <chr>          <chr>      <chr>                        <chr>             <dbl>
## 1 Zimbabwe       Nuclear    Electricity Generation (GWh) On-grid            2019
## 2 Zimbabwe       Nuclear    Electricity Generation (GWh) On-grid            2020
## 3 Zimbabwe       Nuclear    Electricity Generation (GWh) On-grid            2021
## 4 Zimbabwe       Nuclear    Electricity Generation (GWh) On-grid            2022
## 5 Zimbabwe       Nuclear    Electricity Generation (GWh) On-grid            2023
## 6 Zimbabwe       Nuclear    Electricity Generation (GWh) On-grid            2024
## # ℹ 1 more variable: `Electricity statistics` <chr>
energy %>% pull(Technology) %>% unique %>%  sort
##  [1] "Biogas"               "Coal and peat"        "Geothermal energy"   
##  [4] "Natural gas"          "Nuclear"              "Offshore wind energy"
##  [7] "Oil"                  "Onshore wind energy"  "Renewable hydropower"
## [10] "Solar photovoltaic"   "Total non-renewable"  "Total renewable"
energy %>% pull(`Country/area`) %>% unique()
##   [1] "Afghanistan"                                               
##   [2] "Albania"                                                   
##   [3] "Algeria"                                                   
##   [4] "American Samoa"                                            
##   [5] "Andorra"                                                   
##   [6] "Angola"                                                    
##   [7] "Anguilla"                                                  
##   [8] "Antigua and Barbuda"                                       
##   [9] "Argentina"                                                 
##  [10] "Armenia"                                                   
##  [11] "Aruba"                                                     
##  [12] "Australia"                                                 
##  [13] "Austria"                                                   
##  [14] "Azerbaijan"                                                
##  [15] "Bahamas (the)"                                             
##  [16] "Bahrain"                                                   
##  [17] "Bangladesh"                                                
##  [18] "Barbados"                                                  
##  [19] "Belarus"                                                   
##  [20] "Belgium"                                                   
##  [21] "Belize"                                                    
##  [22] "Benin"                                                     
##  [23] "Bhutan"                                                    
##  [24] "Bolivia (Plurinational State of)"                          
##  [25] "Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba"                          
##  [26] "Bosnia and Herzegovina"                                    
##  [27] "Botswana"                                                  
##  [28] "Brazil"                                                    
##  [29] "British Virgin Islands"                                    
##  [30] "Brunei Darussalam"                                         
##  [31] "Bulgaria"                                                  
##  [32] "Burkina Faso"                                              
##  [33] "Burundi"                                                   
##  [34] "Cabo Verde"                                                
##  [35] "Cambodia"                                                  
##  [36] "Cameroon"                                                  
##  [37] "Canada"                                                    
##  [38] "Cayman Islands"                                            
##  [39] "Central African Republic (the)"                            
##  [40] "Chad"                                                      
##  [41] "Chile"                                                     
##  [42] "China"                                                     
##  [43] "China, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region"            
##  [44] "Chinese Taipei"                                            
##  [45] "Colombia"                                                  
##  [46] "Comoros (the)"                                             
##  [47] "Congo (the)"                                               
##  [48] "Cook Islands (the)"                                        
##  [49] "Costa Rica"                                                
##  [50] "Croatia"                                                   
##  [51] "Cuba"                                                      
##  [52] "Cura\xe7ao"                                                
##  [53] "Cyprus"                                                    
##  [54] "Czechia"                                                   
##  [55] "C\xf4te d'Ivoire"                                          
##  [56] "Democratic People's Republic of Korea (the)"               
##  [57] "Democratic Republic of the Congo (the)"                    
##  [58] "Denmark"                                                   
##  [59] "Djibouti"                                                  
##  [60] "Dominica"                                                  
##  [61] "Dominican Republic (the)"                                  
##  [62] "Ecuador"                                                   
##  [63] "Egypt"                                                     
##  [64] "El Salvador"                                               
##  [65] "Equatorial Guinea"                                         
##  [66] "Eritrea"                                                   
##  [67] "Estonia"                                                   
##  [68] "Eswatini"                                                  
##  [69] "Ethiopia"                                                  
##  [70] "Falkland Islands (Malvinas)"                               
##  [71] "Faroe Islands"                                             
##  [72] "Fiji"                                                      
##  [73] "Finland"                                                   
##  [74] "France"                                                    
##  [75] "French Guiana"                                             
##  [76] "French Polynesia"                                          
##  [77] "Gabon"                                                     
##  [78] "Gambia (the)"                                              
##  [79] "Georgia"                                                   
##  [80] "Germany"                                                   
##  [81] "Ghana"                                                     
##  [82] "Greece"                                                    
##  [83] "Greenland"                                                 
##  [84] "Grenada"                                                   
##  [85] "Guadeloupe"                                                
##  [86] "Guam"                                                      
##  [87] "Guatemala"                                                 
##  [88] "Guinea"                                                    
##  [89] "Guinea-Bissau"                                             
##  [90] "Guyana"                                                    
##  [91] "Haiti"                                                     
##  [92] "Honduras"                                                  
##  [93] "Hungary"                                                   
##  [94] "Iceland"                                                   
##  [95] "India"                                                     
##  [96] "Indonesia"                                                 
##  [97] "Iran (Islamic Republic of)"                                
##  [98] "Iraq"                                                      
##  [99] "Ireland"                                                   
## [100] "Montenegro"                                                
## [101] "South Sudan"                                               
## [102] "Sint Maarten (Dutch Part)"                                 
## [103] "Israel"                                                    
## [104] "Italy"                                                     
## [105] "Jamaica"                                                   
## [106] "Japan"                                                     
## [107] "Jordan"                                                    
## [108] "Kazakhstan"                                                
## [109] "Kenya"                                                     
## [110] "Kiribati"                                                  
## [111] "Kosovo"                                                    
## [112] "Kuwait"                                                    
## [113] "Kyrgyzstan"                                                
## [114] "Lao People's Democratic Republic (the)"                    
## [115] "Latvia"                                                    
## [116] "Lebanon"                                                   
## [117] "Lesotho"                                                   
## [118] "Liberia"                                                   
## [119] "Libya"                                                     
## [120] "Lithuania"                                                 
## [121] "Luxembourg"                                                
## [122] "Madagascar"                                                
## [123] "Malawi"                                                    
## [124] "Malaysia"                                                  
## [125] "Maldives"                                                  
## [126] "Mali"                                                      
## [127] "Malta"                                                     
## [128] "Marshall Islands (the)"                                    
## [129] "Martinique"                                                
## [130] "Mauritania"                                                
## [131] "Mauritius"                                                 
## [132] "Mayotte"                                                   
## [133] "Mexico"                                                    
## [134] "Micronesia (Federated States of)"                          
## [135] "Mongolia"                                                  
## [136] "Montserrat"                                                
## [137] "Morocco"                                                   
## [138] "Mozambique"                                                
## [139] "Myanmar"                                                   
## [140] "Namibia"                                                   
## [141] "Nauru"                                                     
## [142] "Nepal"                                                     
## [143] "Netherlands (Kingdom of the)"                              
## [144] "New Caledonia"                                             
## [145] "New Zealand"                                               
## [146] "Nicaragua"                                                 
## [147] "Niger (the)"                                               
## [148] "Nigeria"                                                   
## [149] "Niue"                                                      
## [150] "North Macedonia"                                           
## [151] "Norway"                                                    
## [152] "Oman"                                                      
## [153] "Pakistan"                                                  
## [154] "Palau"                                                     
## [155] "Panama"                                                    
## [156] "Papua New Guinea"                                          
## [157] "Paraguay"                                                  
## [158] "Peru"                                                      
## [159] "Philippines (the)"                                         
## [160] "Poland"                                                    
## [161] "Portugal"                                                  
## [162] "Puerto Rico"                                               
## [163] "Qatar"                                                     
## [164] "Republic of Korea (the)"                                   
## [165] "Republic of Moldova (the)"                                 
## [166] "Romania"                                                   
## [167] "Russian Federation (the)"                                  
## [168] "Rwanda"                                                    
## [169] "R\xe9union"                                                
## [170] "Saint Barth\xe9lemy"                                       
## [171] "Saint Kitts and Nevis"                                     
## [172] "Saint Lucia"                                               
## [173] "Saint Martin (French Part)"                                
## [174] "Saint Pierre and Miquelon"                                 
## [175] "Saint Vincent and the Grenadines"                          
## [176] "Samoa"                                                     
## [177] "Sao Tome and Principe"                                     
## [178] "Saudi Arabia"                                              
## [179] "Senegal"                                                   
## [180] "Serbia"                                                    
## [181] "Seychelles"                                                
## [182] "Sierra Leone"                                              
## [183] "Singapore"                                                 
## [184] "Slovakia"                                                  
## [185] "Slovenia"                                                  
## [186] "Solomon Islands"                                           
## [187] "Somalia"                                                   
## [188] "South Africa"                                              
## [189] "South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands"              
## [190] "Spain"                                                     
## [191] "Sri Lanka"                                                 
## [192] "State of Palestine (the)"                                  
## [193] "Sudan (the)"                                               
## [194] "Suriname"                                                  
## [195] "Sweden"                                                    
## [196] "Switzerland"                                               
## [197] "Syrian Arab Republic (the)"                                
## [198] "Tajikistan"                                                
## [199] "Thailand"                                                  
## [200] "Timor-Leste"                                               
## [201] "Togo"                                                      
## [202] "Tokelau"                                                   
## [203] "Tonga"                                                     
## [204] "Trinidad and Tobago"                                       
## [205] "Tunisia"                                                   
## [206] "Turkmenistan"                                              
## [207] "Turks and Caicos Islands"                                  
## [208] "Tuvalu"                                                    
## [209] "T\xfcrkiye"                                               
## [210] "Uganda"                                                    
## [211] "Ukraine"                                                   
## [212] "United Arab Emirates (the)"                                
## [213] "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (the)"
## [214] "United Republic of Tanzania (the)"                         
## [215] "United States Virgin Islands"                              
## [216] "United States of America (the)"                            
## [217] "Uruguay"                                                   
## [218] "Uzbekistan"                                                
## [219] "Vanuatu"                                                   
## [220] "Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)"                        
## [221] "Viet Nam"                                                  
## [222] "Yemen"                                                     
## [223] "Zambia"                                                    
## [224] "Zimbabwe"
#filter data 
fenergy <- energy %>% 
  filter(`Country/area` == 'United States of America (the)')
library(ggplot2)
library(plotly)
## 
## Attaching package: 'plotly'
## The following object is masked from 'package:ggplot2':
## 
##     last_plot
## The following object is masked from 'package:stats':
## 
##     filter
## The following object is masked from 'package:graphics':
## 
##     layout
p <-ggplot(fenergy,
       aes(x=Year,
           y=as.numeric(`Electricity statistics`),
           fill=Technology)) + #makes it be numeric
  geom_area() 
  ggplotly(p)
## Warning in FUN(X[[i]], ...): NAs introduced by coercion
## Warning: Removed 26 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_align()`).